Assignment 1.1 - Tanjia Nabila

Pneumatophores are aerial roots, usually found in tropical coastal swamps like mangroves. The trees use these protruding roots to receive extra supply of oxygen in an otherwise anaerobic condition of waterlogged soil of the mangroves. The surfaces of these roots are covered with lenticels (small pores) which absorb  oxygen and nutrients from the atmosphere into its spongy tissues. The oxygen and nutrients then get transferred through the root network and to the tree. Pneumatophores additionally contribute to sustaining life in an inhospitable condition for not only the trees, but other animals and birds alike. They also strengthen the soil by holding onto it via their widespread network system.

Mitsch, William J., and James G. Gosselink. "Chapter 11 Mangrove Swamps." Wetlands. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000. 335-76. Print.

Watson, Donald, and Michele Adams. Design for Flooding: Architecture, Landscape, and Urban Design for Resilience to Flooding and Climate Change. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Print.